Ethics and the War on Drugs Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ethics and the War on Drugs - Assignment Example the reuse of the same needles/syringe may cause and at the same time continue the fight against drugs by educating the people on the negativities of drugs and at any time be able to give practical examples. In order to acquire a certain attention to people, proven evidence gets to works more than believes thus education would be more important (Baum, 1997). Therapy to me is good to change one’s life but at the same time, it depends on the victim willingness to change. If the victim is willing, then the therapy will work well but if the victim is not willing, then the high percentage indicates that the therapy program my not successfully have impact on the victim. America is faced by a high number of people who are convicted to drugs and one thing do stand, the solution is not the conviction of the people using drugs but it should be the prevention of the addiction to drugs. And in response to Manson, the use of therapy will impact the people using drugs but the victims themselves should be able to accept their condition and see the need to change. The move to decriminalize drugs is a good move for it has already been proven elsewhere. All that the victim need is the psychological monitoring and time to change their ways. Addiction is the main contributor of drug abuse, and it is the one part that should be avoided in order to reduce the rate of abuse and to those who are addicted, they should go through therapy. Just as the saying goes, prevention is better than cure(Adelman,

Safety of Women Essay Example for Free

Safety of Women Essay It is crucial that probation officers develop a familiarity with the needs and safety concerns of women who are abused, and become aware of the risks women face while on probation supervision. For example, an abuser may use the probation condition as another way to abuse her by threatening to falsely allege a probation violation to her probation officer, or by forcing her to commit an illegal act and then reporting it (Crager et al., 2003). When a probation officer learns that a woman probationer is abused, the officer should apply the same principles for working with women who are not probationers (NYS PDVIP, 2005). If a woman who is abused has not had contact with domestic violence programs, probation officers can play a key role in providing information and referrals to domestic violence services. A probation officer may be the first person that has ever said to her: You dont deserve to be abused. Its not your fault, and theres nothing you have done to cause the abuse. Probation officers have a responsibility to reassure women that they are not alone with their experiences: Im concerned about you, and when you are ready, help is available. When probation officers provide referrals, it is crucial to understand that her potential reluctance or unwillingness to take hotline/advocate contact information may be related to a concern for her own safety. Her abuser may be waiting for her in the parking lot, go through her purse or pockets, and use that domestic violence program contact number as a reason to continue and/or escalate his abuse (NYSCADV, 2004b). It is also important for probation officers to take their cues from women who are abused as to what their abusers actions mean. For example, an abuser may have made statements to indicate that a womans risk is high (i.e. The next flowers youll get will be when you are in the ground). Probation officers can also assist women in identifying and understanding dangerous and potentially illegal stalking behaviors including unwanted phone calls, letters, gifts, flowers, email, instant messages, or faxes. A stalker may also follow her or show up at places she frequents (home, work, school, etc.), make verbal, written, or implied threats directed at her, her friends or family, or vandalize her property. More extreme acts of stalking may also include assaults or other acts of violence, including sexual assault, directed at her, an immediate family member, or someone she knows (NYSCADV, 2004b). Probation officers support the safety of women by providing referrals to domestic violenceprograms to assist with completing a safety plan. If a woman chooses not to contact a domestic violence advocate, probation officers can help her review her risks and create a preliminary safety plan (See Appendix B for considerations for developing a preliminary safety plan), including asking about weapons available to the offender, as well as his access to the children (NYSCADV, 2004b). Regardless of the level of offense or conviction, probation officers should refrain from minimizing the abusers potential to inflict serious physical injury. All domestic violence cases should be considered as potential homicides, particularly during separation or after a woman who is abused terminates the relationship (NYS PDVIP, 2005). Probation officers are also becoming aware of the potential for collusion with abusers who are not under supervision. These abusers may attempt to become an ally of probation o fficers in order to maintain power and control over the woman who is abused. To counter these attempts at coercion, probation is increasingly conducting Pre-Sentence Investigations (PSIs) in all domestic violence cases. If there are insufficient resources to do this in all cases, PSIs should be conducted on any case where the defendant may have a history of victimization by the alleged victim in the presenting case. The PSI should include specific questions about the history of victimization and power and control dynamics in the relationship (NYS PDVIP, 2005) (See Appendix C for a list of general guidelines for probation officers who supervise women who are abused). Additional strategies for supervising women who are abused include the following: 1. Know and follow the departmental confidentiality policy regarding use of information about the woman who is abused, including her contact information. Inform the woman who is abused of the policy at first contact, and again as necessary throughout the supervision process. It is important for her to understand what will happen with any and all information she may provide to her probation officer (e.g., Will it be written in her case file? Will a supervisor see it? Will it be submitted to the judge in a report? Will her abuser or his attorney have access to it?) 2. Create a safe environment for women who are abused to disclose their experiences of abuse if they choose. Consider displaying domestic violence posters in the probation department and have local domestic violence program brochures and pamphlets available as a visible way to show that the officer and the department take domestic violenceseriously. 3. Explain the terms of the Orders and Conditions of Probation, the role of a probation officer, and any additional relevant agency policies. Fully explain the consequences of violations of the Orders and Conditions of Probation, and other probationer obligations. 4. Assure the woman who is abused that she is not responsible for her abusers behavior. The choice to abuse rests only with the abuser. 5. Do not use her abuser as a collateral contact. This may unintentionally reinforce and validate his power and control over her and introduce unreliable information to her case. 6. It is essential to understand that the decisions women make may be based on critical survival strategies. Women who are abused are constantly evaluating their risks, and from day to day their needs and safety concerns may vary. 7. Ask the woman who is abused to identify how to contact her in a way that supports her safety. Do not initiate contact with the woman who is abused while her abuser is present. 8. Ensur e that the woman who is abused has contact information for the local domestic violence program. Assist her in identifying her safety concerns. 9. Discuss safety issues for the probation officer and the woman who is abused that may impact home contacts, fieldwork, or collateral contacts (e.g., if the abuser lives with the woman who is abused, schedule a home contact with her when the abuser is not at home). 10. Address other needs of women who are abused including employment, childcare, housing issues, substance abuse treatment, etc. 11. Do not promise the woman who is abused any thing you may not be able to deliver. Do not assure her of her safety (NYSCADV, 2003; NYS PDVIP, 2004) (See Appendix D for a checklist for probation contact with victims of domestic violence). Collaboration with Domestic Violence Advocates and Referrals to Domestic Violence Programs. Probation officers are building strong collaborations with domestic violence advocates. As a result, they have a greater comprehension of the dangers that women face, and a broader understanding of choices women make which are grounded in critical survival strategies. The role of advocates, which are employed by traditional domestic violence programs (based in, or linked with, not-for-profit, non-governmental agencies), is defined by the needs and desires of women who are abused. The overarching goals of advocates are to support and bolster womens confidentiality and decisions, and provide them with information. The allegiance of advocates lies solely with women who are abused, which is distinct from victim-witness liaisons (also sometimes referred to as advocates) that may be employed by district attorneys offices, law enforcement agencies, and other system-based programs. In fact, advocates may be called upon to represent the interests of women who are abused to other persons and/or agencies. Advocates and domestic violence programs are a major resource for probation officers and departments and vice versa, and this interdependent relationship should be encouraged, strengthened, and formalized as a necessary part of a coordinated community response to domestic violence. Advocate-probation collaborations can strengthen cases and significantly support safety of women in many ways. Advocates can assist with explaining the p robation process, help women who are abused understand what probation officers and departments do, and review probation documents and paperwork with women who are abused. In addition, advocates can help prepare women who are abused for meetings with probation, and may be able to attend meetings to provide additional support (NYS PDVIP, 2004, NYS PDVIP, 2005)[3]. Probation officers can minimize the potentially dangerous repercussions of unintended consequences of supervision practices, by developing and maintaining collaborations with advocates regarding safety issues. Thus, interventions implemented by probation officers can focus on helping women who are abused explore and evaluate available options, make informed decisions, design preliminary safety plans that reflect womens needs and goals, and facilitate voluntary involvement in domestic violence services (State of New York, 1998). At every opportunity, probation officers should make available hotline numbers, contact information, and descriptions of locally available domestic violence programs and services to women who are abused. However, seeking help from a domestic violence program, getting an order of protection, or deciding to leave an abuser only makes sense to a woman when, on balance, it reduces the overall risks that she and her children face. Victim safety should remain paramo unt when there may be competing interests or a perceived benefit of a program, policy, protocol, or procedure. Achieving this goal requires a supervision plan that incorporates the many  obstacles and risks to achieving safety or to ending a relationship with an abusive partner that women who are abused encounter. Domestic violence programs focus on empowerment, autonomy, and self-determination, and mandating participation in any program or service contradicts this philosophy (Crager et al., 2003). Mandating women who are abused to domestic violence services also places advocates in the incongruent role of monitoring compliance with probation conditions (Denton, 2001). Considerations for Dual Probation Supervision of Women Who are Abused and Their Abusers When women who are abused and their abusers are both under supervision by probation, a heightened level of confidentiality and a stringent safety protocol must be maintained within the department. Regardless of who is or is not identified by the criminal justice system as the abuser, probation officers should continue to implement practices that support the safety of women who are abused. Probation officers are well trained to be wary of probationers and their many tactics at getting-over. This skill is especially key when supervising domestic violence offenders, as abusers not only excel at this endeavor, but use it as a strategy directly related to their abuse and to their mindset. Although many convicted criminals may believe themselves to be victims, men who are abusers tend to be particularly insistent about their perceived victimization. Historically, men who abused were protected by traditions of privacy and privilege surrounding marriage and the family. While social values an d laws are changing pertaining to abuse in intimate relationships, many men who abuse express a sense of intrusion and injustice, and feel that they have had something taken away, or that their rights have been abridged. Probation officers need to exercise care not to say or do anything that could be interpreted as agreeing with the abuser including even the most casual of comments or nodding of the head. Invariably, abusers will use that perceived support to minimize and justify their behaviors or to corroborate their negative assumptions about women (NYS PDVIP, 2004). Similarly, probation officers need to keep the focus on accountability, not on abusers personal or moral deficits, diseases, low self-esteem, early childhood experiences, anger management, diminished intellect, addiction, mental illness, other individuals, or external events as the means to explaining or solving domestic violence. Doing so gives abusers support for the excuses they offer to explain their abusive behavior (State of New York, 1998). General Safety Strategies for Women Who Are Abused During Dual Probation Supervision. General guidelines for probation officers who supervise women who are abused during dual probation situations include the following: 1. Recognize that women who are abused have differing safety needs and concerns than men who are being supervised. In some situations, there may be a need to request a modification of Orders and Conditions of Probation that may negatively impact her safety (e.g. curfew, electronic monitoring, travel permits, and residency reporting may impose additional danger for women who are abused). 2. Do not schedule office interviews with both the woman who is abused and her abuser on the same day. Develop a schedule of meeting times and dates in conjunction with the other supervising officer. 3. It is essential that different probation officers supervise the woman who is abused and her abuser. This minimizes opportunities for breeches in confidentiality and reduces the potential for collusion with the abuser. 4. If case reviews are routinely conducted with other probation officers and supervisors, exercise extreme caution in discussing case details which may put a woman who is abused at risk. While challenging, limit the access of other officers and supervisors as much as feasible to the case file of the woman who is abused. Discussing the details of her case with other probation officers may result in information getting to her abuser, with potentially significant repercussions for her safety. 5. Do not make negative statements about the abuser during supervision of a woman who is abused (NYSCADV, 2003; NYS PDVIP, 2005). For example, comments such as hes such a lousy husband or hes a real jerk interject value judgments into the supervision process that can significantly detract from perceptions of probation officers and their ability to maintain a professional demeanor. R ather, the context of the abusers behaviors and actions should be focused on her safety. Additional Safety Strategies for Women Who Are Abused During Supervision of Their Abusers. General guidelines for the supervision of abusers include the following: 1. The safety of the woman who is abused is the chief concern. 2. The abuser is responsible for his behavior. There is no acceptable justification for his violence, no matter what he says or how much he blames her. Address every attempt of abusers to deny, minimize, justify, or blame abuse on anything other than their own personal choice. 3. Neutralize the abusers attempts to manipulate officers or control probation proceedings. Avoid any situation that could lead to unintentionally colluding with the abuser. 4. Whenever possible, probation officers should use sources of information, other than the woman who is abused, to enforce accountability of abusers who are also on probation. If a probation officer does include input from a woman who is abused, it is crucial for the probation officer to explain to her, realistically, what may happen with the information that she provides regarding her abusers case. Thus, the probation officer should specifically inquire about information that the woman who is abused can provide about her abuser without putting her at increased risk. 5. The probation officer should clearly describe to the woman who is abused how violations of probation are handled and what sanctions may be imposed on her abuser. 6. Safekeeping of the contact information for the woman who is abused is always a priority. Her contact information should always be kept out of sight when the abuser is in the office. If possible, putting the contact information for the woman who is abused in a different colored file or using a piece of colored tape on the file can be an easy way to remind probation officers of the heightened need to keep the information confidential. 7. In addition, probation department policy should require that probation officers notify a woman who is abused at least one month before her abuser is discharged from supervision. This will provide an opportunity for her to identify any safety concerns and request appropriate referrals from her probation officer (NYSCADV, 2003; NYS PDVIP, 2005). Considerations for Court Ordered Referrals That Are Dangerous Increasingly, the criminal justice system and the courts are tapping into a wider range of program and referral options and sanctions as responses to domestic violence cases. While many commonly used interventions, referrals, and services are safe and appropriate for many individuals; probation officers need to recognize that several of these same practices are dangerous and inappropriate for women who are abused. In addition to the increased danger these practices may create, they may also reinforce the notion that a woman who is abused shares responsibility for her partners violent and/or controlling behavior. Such a message reinforces the mistaken belief of most abusers: women who are abused are to blame for the violence. Thus, it also encourages women who are abused to internalize responsibility for their partners violence and has the potential to increase the likelihood that the abuser will physically or emotionally harm his partner (NYSCADV, 2004b). Safety Considerations for Batterer Program Referrals. The Violence Against Women Offices Toolkit to End Violence Against Women recommends that the justice system avoid ordering victims of domestic violence to participate in batterer programs (VAWO, 2001). There are many practical and philosophical problems associated with court-ordering a woman who is abused to participate in a batterer program. If she was acting in self-defense or to protect her children, or was using violence in retaliation for abuse, the court order is, in effect, punishment for being abused. Most women who are abused are not batterers, even when they have used violence proactively. While the content of a program for female offenders may be helpful to some women, the batterer label written into the court order is generally inaccurate (Crager et al., 2003). Participation in a batterer program places a woman who is abused in greater danger. For example, when a program notifies the alleged victim (in actuality, the real batterer) of the womans participation in the batte rer program, he can learn where and when he can find her. Batterer program staffs have described instances in which women who are abused have been stalked by their abusers every time they attended their court-ordered batterer program. Mandatory participation in batterer programs by women who are abused also creates opportunities for batterers to sabotage the womens compliance with the court order by interfering with their attendance, or reporting false allegations of new acts of violence (Crager et al., 2003). Andy Klein, former chief probation officer for the Quincy, MA court and nationally known author on probation, criminal justice, and domestic violence, also commented on the use of batterer programs for women: | |If we really want to offer our services to female batterers, there are better ways to reach them than | | | |to rely on the coercive powers of a criminal justice system that too often gets it wrong in separating| | | |out batterers from victims. If the prosecutor or judge asks you to assist the court by offering | | | |batterer intervention programs for womenjust say NO. Offer, instead, to help train officers, | | | |prosecutors, and judges on how to arrest, prosecute, and sanction wisely (Klein, 2001, p. 2). | | | |Andy Klein | Safety Considerations for Mediation and Couples Counseling Referrals. Intervention strategies that require cooperative participation typically assume an equal relationship in which both parties are free to openly participate. Mediation, for example, is a process through which equal parties are engaged in negotiations to resolve a conflict. Because of the inherent imbalance of power between an abuser and a woman who is abused, mediation and couples counseling are inappropriate in domestic violence cases. A victim of domestic violence who, by definition, is being controlled by her partner is significantly compromised in her ability to negotiate freely and is not on an equal footing with her partner. Women who are abused may also be encouraged to alter their behavior so that they do not provoke their partners into abusing them, thus, holding the victims accountable for the abuse. Any focus on placating the abuser diverts resources or interventions away from safety and accountability. Also, many women report being threatened or assaulted after joint intake or counseling sessions for things they said or did during the session (Frank Golden, 2002; National Institute of Corrections [NIC], 2001; NYS PDVIP, 2003a; State of New York, 1998). Safety Considerations for Restorative Justice Practices. Community and restorative justice practices, which can be effectively used in conjunction with property and juvenile crimes, may not always be restorative or appropriate for women who are abused. As an understanding of power and control and the dynamics of domestic violence are not reflected in many restorative justice practices, they are dangerous for domestic violence cases. Conferencing (also known as Family Group Conferencing) routinely requires women who are abused to have face-to-face visits with their abusers. Also, communities may change agreement plans if they see abusers are having problems with implementing them, thus creating the potential for abusers to manipulate consequences and avoid accountability for the crimes they committed (NIC, 2001; NYS PDVIP, 2003a). Circles (also known as Sentencing, Healing, Peacemaking, or Community Circles) primarily use negotiation, mediation, consensus building, and conflict resolution tactics that, because of power differences between t he abuser and the woman who is abused, are dangerous and inappropriate. Also, responsibilities are often inappropriately assigned to women who are abused and their support groups, and outcomes are often focused on an increased community capacity to resolve disputes (NIC, 2001; NYS PDVIP, 2003a). Safety Considerations for Routine Mental Health Assessments. Domestic violence is not the result of a mental health issue, nor does a woman who is abused, typically, have a mental illness. The rate of mental illness among women who are abused is no higher than that of the general population, and mental illness on the part of the woman who is abused is generally not the cause of the violence. When a woman who is abused has no related mental health issues, an assessment implies that the womans status as a victim of domestic violence is in some way connected with a mental health problem. Thus, women who are abused should only be referred for mental health assessments for reasons that are not connected to the abuse. Few mental health providers have specific training in assessing for domestic violence or in providing supportive services. Like an order to complete a batterer program, an order to complete a mental health assessment can be used against the woman who is abused in a number of ways; for example, it may contribute to losing custody of her children (Crager et al., 2003). Strategies to Respond to Court Ordered Referrals That Are Dangerous. Probation officers have numerous opportunities for teachable moments in which they can educate judges, prosecutors, defense attorneys, police officers, other criminal justice professionals, and community stakeholders about the nature and dynamics of domestic violence, womens use of violence, predominant aggressor identification, and the crucial need to revise criminal justice protocols that re-victimize women who are abused through unintended consequences. In some jurisdictions, probation departments are developing protocols, which prohibit probation officers from mandating or referring women to dangerous practices. When judges refer or mandate women to these practices, the probation departments respond to the judges with an explanation of how the practices are dangerous to women, why the department has restricted use of them, and provides them a copy of the departmental protocol. A strong collaboration with local domestic violence advocates is the cornerstone to a probation response that supports the safety of women who are abused while minimizing the impact of potentially dangerous practices. Advocates are a tremendous source of information and support for probation officers on general domestic violence issues and concerns facing women who are abused, and can provide feedback on proposed policies, referrals, and practices. Conclusion The regrettable influx of women who are abused into the criminal justice system calls for the expert and principled participation of probation officers to promote their safety. Fortunately, probation officers are well positioned to assume this additional responsibility of justice on behalf of women who are abused. At every opportunity, probation officers should make available hotline numbers, contact information, and descriptions of locally available domestic violence programs and services to women who are abused. Victim safety should remain paramount even when there may be competing interests or a perceived benefit of a program, policy, protocol, or procedure. Achieving this goal requires an expansion of traditional notions of probations mandate of offender accountability and public safety. Domestic violence is a complex issue that demands probation officers implement supervision plans that contain strategies for the many obstacles and risks to achieving safety that women who are abused encounter. Tremendous change has been occurring within the criminal justice system regarding transformations in attitudes and beliefs about domestic violence. Increasingly, domestic violence is seen as a serious crime that warrants swift and strong law enforcement, court-based, and correctional responses aimed at holding abusers accountable for their actions. Probation officers are taking on prominent roles in bringing about the social change necessary to challenge domestic violence. Probation is in a unique position to support the safety of women who are abused and reduce the negative impacts of arrest and prosecution of women who are abused as part of a dual arrest for domestic violence, or other crimes. Anytime a probation officer encounters a woman who is abused or her abuser, regardless of who is the probationer, the officer has a crucial role in potentially preventing further domestic violence or even homicide. References Bloom, B., Owen, B., Covington, S. (2003). Gender-responsive strategies: Research, practice, and guiding principles for women offenders. Washington, DC: National Institute of Corrections, U.S. Department of Justice. Crager, M., Cousin, M., Hardy, T. (2003). Victim-defendants: An emerging challenge in responding to domestic violence in Seattle and the King County region. Retrieved May 24, 2004 from http://www.mincava.umn.edu/documents/victimdefendant/victimdefendant.html Dasgupta, S. (2001). Toward an understanding of womens use of non-lethal violence in intimate heterosexual relationships. Retrieved May 24, 2004 from http://www.vawnet.org/DomesticViolence/Research/VAWnetDocs/AR_womviol.php Denton, J. (2001). Options and alternatives for women: Are we re-victimizing women? Women Who Use Force, 20(1), 10-11. Family Violence Prevention Fund. (1999). Cultural considerations in domestic violence cases: A national judges benchbook. San Francisco, CA: Family Violence Prevention Fund. Frank, P., Golden, G. (2002). When 50-50 is not fair: The case against couple counseling when men abuse women. New City, NY: Volunteer Counseling Service of Rockland County, Inc. Klein, A. (2001). Dear readers. National Bulletin on Domestic Violence Prevention, 7(7), 1-2. Miller, S. (2001). The paradox of women arrested for domestic violence. Violence Against Women, 7(12), 1339-1376. Multnomah County Family Violence Coordinating Council. (2002). Battered women offenders in the criminal justice system: Analysis of needs and response for Multnomah County, Oregon. Portland, OR: Multnomah County Family Violence Coordinating Council. National Battered Womens Law Project, National Center on Women and Family Law. (1994). Mandatory arrest: Problems and possibilities. New York, NY : Legal Momentum. National Institute of Corrections. (2001). Restorative justice: Principles, practices, and implementation. Longmont, CO: National Institute of Corrections Academy, U.S. Department of Justice. New York State Coalition Against Domestic Violence. (2003). General guidelines for probation officers who supervise women who are abused. Albany, NY: Author. New York State Coalition Against Domestic Violence. (2004a). Domestic violence handbook. Albany, NY: Author. New York State Coalition Against Domestic Violence. (2004b). Guidelines for the probation response to women who are abused: Supporting victim safety, autonomy, and self-determination. Albany, NY: Author. New York State Probation Domestic Violence Intervention Project. (2003a). Applying restorative and community justice principles to domestic violence cases. Albany, NY: NYS Coalition Against Domestic Violence, NYS Division of Probation and Correctional Alternatives, and NYS Office for the Prevention of Domestic Violence. New York State Probation Domestic Violence Intervention Project. (2003b). Probation response to women convicted of domestic violence. Albany, NY: NYS Coalition Against Domestic Violence, NYS Division of Probation and Correctional Alternatives, and NYS Office for the Prevention of Domestic Violence. New York State Probation Domestic Violence Intervention Project. (2004). New York state model probation policy for domestic violence: Probation domestic violence pre-sentence investigations reports. Albany, NY: NYS Coalition Against Domestic Violence, NYS Division of Probation and Correctional Alternatives, and NYS Office for the Prevention of Domestic Violence. New York State Probation Domestic Violence Intervention Project. (2005). New York state model probation policy for domestic violence: Probation supervision. Albany, NY: NYS Coalition Against Domestic Violence, NYS Division of Probation and Correctional Alternatives, and NYS Office for the Prevention of Domestic Violence. Oregon Council on Crime and Delinquency. (2002, May). Experiences of domestic violence among women on probation or parole in Lane County, Oregon. OCCD Bulletin. Retrieved June 23, 2004 from http://www.occdonline.org/Newsletter/OCCDMay02.pdf State of New York. (1997). Commission on domestic violence fatalities: Report to the governor. Albany, NY: Author. State of New York. (1998). Model domestic violence policy for counties. Albany, NY: New York State Office for the Prevention of Domestic Violence. Violence Against Women Office. (2001). Enhancing the response of the justice system: Criminal remedies. Toolkit to end violence against women. Retrieved May 19, 2004 from http://toolkit.ncjrs.org/vawo_4.html Women in Prison Project, Correctional Association of New York. (2002). Domestic violence survivors in prison fact sheet. Retrieved May 19, 2004 from http://www.correctionalassociation.org/images/Fact_Sheets_2002.pdf Womens Justice Center. (2004). The pivotal role of the criminal justice system in stopping violence against women: Mapping the obstacles to criminal justice for women Part 1. Retrieved May 24, 2004 from http://www.justicewomen.com/handbook/part1_intro.html#pivotal Worcester, N. (2001). Women who use force in heterosexual domestic violence: Putting the context (back in) the picture. Women Who Use Force, 20(1), 2-5, 16-17.

Essay --

St. Augustine considers his mother as a crucial factor in his conversion to Catholicism. However through the analysis of his Confessions it leads me to believe that St. Augustine’s mother was not a decisive figure. Monica was in the background keeping him in thought and prayer however Augustine’s watershed moments came as a result of his own examination of readings as well as his conversations with his friends and mentors. Therefore I argue that Monica had delayed Augustine’s baptism and it was his own experiences that allowed him to come to God. Baptizing a baby at birth was this was a common practice during the time when Augustine was born. And Monica had decided to keep Augustine from being baptized. Monica’s reasoning is really just an unnecessary precaution. Whether or not your sins are wiped away now or later as long as you go to confession you are forgiven of your sins regardless. More importantly this precaution keeps Augustine from strengthening his relationship with God early on because it had kept him from truly being responsible for his actions and had stunted his involvement in the Church. In the first chapter alone he states â€Å"I was already a believer, as were my mother and all the household, with the exception of my father.†1 He was already a steady believer in God and was ready to be baptized however he was kept from it and was influenced by the other people as they said â€Å"Let him be, let him do as he likes, he is not baptized yet.† Without the proper reinforcement and teaching he progressively strayed away from his beliefs and eventually lost himself in sin. This leads to one the most important incidents in Augustine’s childhood. Augustine spends more time lamenting on the time he had stolen the pears than he does ... ...e so it may be fabrication or mayhap truly be Godly intervention Augustine had opened up to a passage that had told him to discard his lust for flesh and put on Jesus Christ. This was the last sign that he needed and Augustine converts immediately. Throughout Augustine’s Confession he describes his journey of coming to Christ. He is constantly thanking his mother and giving much credit to her. Many of his developments are not due to any of Monica’s doing. He had always kept her in his thoughts and that is probably why he feels that she was influential. However he was most influenced by his friends, preachers, and even perhaps divine intervention. Without these revelations he could possibly have strayed away from Christianity or even religion completely. Therefore I conclude that although subtly influential, Monica was not an integral part of Augustine’s conversion.

Rheumatoid Arthritis

1. Introduction/Thesis Statement. Rheumatoid arthritis, RA, is a chronic autoimmune disease in which both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the disease process. It is characterized by flare-up and remission periods affecting over 1. 5 million people in the United States, in which approximately 300,000 of those people are children. Rheumatoid arthritis is by far the most serious, painful, and potentially crippling form of arthritis. It is often called â€Å"the great crippler† because it can lead to deformities and debilitation.People living with RA live in fear that they might one day become disabled, but we have learned through research that early detection is the best preventive measure against disability. While RA has no cure and is somewhat of a mystery disease, researchers are making great advances in modern medicine to help with the symptoms and the progression of RA. These biologic medicines have made life much more manageable for RA patients improving the ir quality of life and overall health. 2. Disease definition and patient prevalence A. Definition of RA B. Age, sex, prevalence related to RA . Diagnosis and prognosis of RA A. What causes RA? B. How it is diagnosed C. Other risk factors associated with RA. 4. Patient experiences A. Symptoms and signs of RA B. Treatment available (medications, etc. ) 1. New treatment hope with biologics. C. Prognosis of patients with RA. 5. Living and coping with RA. A. Coping with the disease. References: www. webmd. com/rheumatoid-arthritis/default. htm http://www. mayoclinic. com/health/rheumatoid-arthritis/DS00020 www. arthritis. org/conditions-treatments/disease-center/rheum   www. cdc. gov/arthritis/basics/rheumatoid. htm

Pro Clean

Company overview/ Statement of Problem Pro Clean LLC is an old-timer carpet cleaning business. It was owned and managed by Kevin Wilson and located in Knoxville, Tennessee. Wilson had to manage almost all functions of Pro Clean daily activities. In this industry, the problems Pro Clean faced are how to stay competitive and still make above average returns with one of his main competitor the King Rug. King Rug has a resolute business structure and is able to charge its customers with high prices which make King Rug much more profitable than Pro Clean. Another problem that Pro Clean has to face is the rapid expansion process.At the onset of the expansion, the business had started to churn cash as a result of the increased payroll expenses and the lease payments for the company’s vehicles. Wilson’s return on investment was dismal. Cash flow quickly became a problem and Wilson resorted to using his business and personal credit cards to finance his business. Environmental Sc anning/ Stakeholder Analysis Demographics of Pro Clean are composed mostly of customers from Knoxville, TN. Being located in the Suburban district and close to Condominiums near the City Center; most of its customers come from single-income families, above $250,000 annually.Most of these homes had pets/ young children. 20% of the business made up of the regular customers. Economically, Pro Clean is doing fine with its source of Revenue made up of cleaning carpet (77%), upholstery cleaning (9%), area rug cleaning (5%), tile and grout cleaning (5%), carpet and fabric protection (3%), and drapery cleaning for (1%). The culture of the customers of Pro Clean is those of frequent use. Average Pro Clean customers had their carpets cleaned every 12 months.Technologically, Pro Clean had improved from stuffing envelopes with direct mail material, answering phone calls and giving estimates to setting up a webpage so customers can easily and instantly know about the company’s profile and service. Pro Clean is just a local business thus it is not thinking about expanding to another country, however, it sought to expand locally with much difficulty Industry Analysis Pro Clean’s NAICS code is 339994. According to the United Census Bureau, a 339994 is a â€Å"Broom, Brush and Mop Manufacturing† Pro Clean conducts a pure competition in where there are many other competitors selling similar ervice in the industry. Its main competitors are D-Clean, King Rug, Green Clean, Right Clean and Kleen Clean. The industry is a growing market. The market grew approximately 5 percent per year, which was what Wilson’s business averaged as well. Currently, Pro Clean had built up a respectable 5 percent market share in Knoxville Now for Porter’s five forces model of Pro Clean, they are very weak to withstand the threat of new entrants because a number of national janitorial cleaning and carpet cleaning chains were advertising aggressively to establish new fra nchises in the city.The bargaining power of supplier of Pro Clean is rather weak. For a cleaning company, Pro Clean can pretty much buy their source of cleaning products pretty much from different suppliers and switch products without hurting the company’s balance sheet. The bargaining power of buyers of Pro Clean is rather weak also, because the customer can switch to another cleaner company in town where it might have a service which Pro Clean doesn’t have. In addition, there are approximately 60 cleaners in town competing in the same industry as Pro Clean. Substitute products are a huge disadvantage for Pro Clean.Some new customers who are not used to carpet cleaners preferred to buy the cleaning products and do the cleaning by them. The commercial cleaning market was serviced by janitorial service providers that offered a one-stop service to commercial businesses which Pro Clean does not offer. The intensity among the companies is cut throat. The market is very com petitive because the firms have similar service and almost equal status among buyers. The other companies are killing each other to differentiate themselves from their competitors by conducting additional source of revenue.For example, King Rug derives a substantive portion of its revenue from rug cleaning at its place of business and did well with cross selling and up-selling. Pro Clean however, did not successfully up-sell Company Analysis Pro Clean vision is to be the number one carpet and rug cleaners and â€Å"ready to take on even the best in Knoxville† Pro Clean’s mission to accomplish this vision is to â€Å"stay in touch with all its customers by sending out quarterly newsletters. † The current goal of Pro Clean is to organize their organizational structure where it had inaccurately expand too fast and thus hurting company’s current cash flow.To achieve this goal, Wilson had to lay off one of his cleaning technicians. He temporarily transformed t he cleaning technician position to that of sales and office administration. Wilson had to spend his personal time trying to develop the business as well as dealing with administrative and clerical tasks. SWOT ANALYSIS Strength: 1. Pro Clean has 5% overall market share of Knoxville carpet cleaning market 2. Its market shares grows at 5% annually 3. Their business venue is located in the city northeast residential district (most of its customers are residential people) 4.It has loyal customers which generates 60% of its income Weakness: 1. It has a poor organizational structures 2. Lower price charged to its customers making it to have difficulty covering overhead costs 3. It expanded too quickly, making a small return on investment. Opportunities: 1. Pro Clean might be able to target not only residential areas but also commercial as its main competitors do not target commercial areas 2. Pro Clean continue charging a lower price than its main competitor in the rug cleaning business Th reats: . Pro Clean competes in a highly competitive market 2. Other companies might crush Pro Clean by offering a cheaper service fee 3. Any frequent-customers who suddenly become unsatisfied might turn its revenue down. Pro Clean’s philosophy is that â€Å"each and every client is the most important facet of our company†. Pro Clean’s core competency is its ability to make on-site estimate visits, while other competitors gave approximate estimates over the phone and followed up with a detailed price once they were on site to clean.Porter’s value chain of Pro Clean is important to the health of the company. Their network (existing customers, technology and follow ups) are the most crucial in the relation of its income statement. They must keep on doing whatever they do best not to lose any existing customers otherwise the company’s operating income will suffer. STRATEGIC ANALYSIS The corporate strategy of Pro Clean is at a low level because it does not conduct any other form of business other than cleaning services.It has a cost-leadership business strategy as compared to its main competitors; it charged the least fee for cleaning services. Pro Clean ability to keep its existing customers is certainly a positive effect on the company’s image and it also can give a positive â€Å"free advertisement† to these customers’ relatives. The culture of Pro Clean is that the human resource works as a close knit team. While Wilson is out, his employees will routinely visit real estate agents and other referral sources for half of the day while others spent the remainder of the day in the office. ALTERNATIVE/SOLUTIONThe two main problems mention above is the significantly low pricing which makes it unable to cover its overhead costs while its main competitor can; and the other problem is the wrong decision of the expansion which was rather too soon for the company to handle. The main opportunity which Pro Clean might be able to consider is that it should aim for not only residential area carpet cleaning but also commercial area as it will hugely increase the number in their sales. Also, I believe that the expansion has already happened but it produces a little, if any, a positive return on investment.The way I would take advantage of this is to either sell the extra capacity/ plant or to maximize its ability to produce different product/services which might be able to generate more revenue for Pro Clean. For example, not only they do the cleaning business, but they also manufacture their own brand of Pro Clean cleaning products. I believe that Pro Clean can survive if these problems were to be exploited. With additional capital and better company strategies implications, Pro Clean will be able to dominate the cleaning industry locally. End Note Page